Most of these side effects are mild, mainly pain at the injection site, fever, muscle aches, headache, and fatigue, and they usually disappear after a few days without treatment. Like any other vaccine, the COVID-19 vaccine also has side effects. Viral mutations play a crucial role in the loss of neutralizing activity of antibodies, requiring additional or booster doses to maintain antibody titers. Furthermore, the appearance of variants of concerns such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and most recently Omicron, with their ability to rapidly spread and evade the immune system, makes the control of the disease even more challenging. It can be said that this has been the largest vaccination campaign on a global scale ever.Īlthough non-pharmaceutical measures and a large number of vaccines against COVID-19 have been used, the COVID-19 pandemic has yet remained uncontrolled, partly due to the ability of the virus to mutate. Over 67.2% of the world’s population has received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. As of 4 August 2022, 12.4 billion doses of the vaccine have been administered worldwide, and 6.3 million doses are given each day. Therefore, booster shots are essential in the context of the ongoing pandemic due to new variants of concerns. Individuals with an updated COVID-19 vaccine status are best protected from severe COVID-19 disease. The COVID-19 vaccine booster dose could further restore and enhance protection that may have decreased over time following the primary series immunization. However, recent reports increasingly show that the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine is reduced within 6 months after the deployment of the primer dose. A primary vaccination course consists of two doses to achieve protective antibody titers. Since then, 10 vaccines against COVID-19 have been approved by the WHO for use. On 31 December 2020, Pfizer was the first vaccine to be approved by the WHO for emergency use on a global scale. Vaccines against COVID-19 are considered the most effective specific preventive measure. Multicenter studies with larger sample sizes on the side effects and safety of COVID-19 vaccine booster shots need to be conducted to make the population less worried, in order to increase the vaccination rate, to protect individuals’ and communities’ health. Conclusion: Adverse reactions to booster vaccination are minor and their incidence is the same as for the first or the second vaccination. The severity of symptoms occurring after booster dose versus first and second doses increased significantly with each additional year of age and among participants receiving the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. Fever (OR = 0.33, p < 0.0001) and fatigue (OR = 0.77, p = 0.002) were less often reported after booster shots compared to the first and second injections. They were more likely to present injection site pain (OR = 1.43, p < 0.0001) and lymphadenopathy (OR = 4.76, p < 0.0001) after receiving the booster shot. Compared to previous COVID-19 vaccine injections, 81.9% of participants reported that their symptoms were similar or milder after receiving the booster dose. Injection site pain, fatigue, and myalgia were the most common side effect reported (71.9%, 28.1%, and 21.8%, respectively). AstraZeneca was the most commonly used vaccine for the first and second doses, while Pfizer was the most commonly used vaccine for booster shots. Results: A total of 1322 participants were included with median age = 23 and sex ratio (Male/Female) = 0.53. Clinical data were collected 14 days after booster vaccination by using a standard questionnaire. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among adults aged ≥18 years. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify adverse reactions and their frequency in the early period after booster vaccination, and to obtain primary data for improving the booster vaccination rate. Background: Risk communication is necessary to improve the booster vaccination rate, but Vietnam does not have a system to collect and disclose such information.
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